职称英语等级考试介绍

　　全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试共分为三个专业类别：综合类，理工类和卫生类。每个专业类别的考试又各分为A，B，C三个等级。三个等级的考试总分都为100分，考试时间均为2小时。 (来源：http://www.EnglishCN.com)

　　职称英语考试的考题均由6个部分组成，但不同等级的阅读量和阅读难易程度不同。考题的六的部分分别为：词汇选项（第1-15题， 每题1分，共15分）；阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）；概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题， 每题1分，共8分）；阅读理解（第31-45题， 每题3分，共45分）；补全短文（第46-50题， 每题2分，共10分）；完型填空（第51-65题，每题1分，共15分）

*主题分析

　　各个级别的试卷内容，除了综合类外，普通英语和专业英语考试题目各占50%。以理工B和理工A分别为例：

　　2002年B 级阅读理解考题：A Thirsty World, Nonverbal Thinking in Engineering(2002年版职称用书补全短文试题); Black Holes

　　2003年B 级阅读理解考题：New Foods and the New World(2002年版职称用书试题); Please Fasten Your Seatbelt; “Salty” Rice Plant Boosts Harvests

比较：
　　2002年A 级阅读理解考题： Valuing Childhood; Hacking; Space-Age Archeology
　　2003年A 级阅读理解考题：“Salty” Rice Plant Boosts Harvests; Living with Computer,

　　The Body Clock

　　attached materials:

from Nonverbal Thinking in Engineering
… Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to clear verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process.

补充：
reduce: vt. vi.  （与to连用）减少至; 变为，化为
e.g. The fire reduced the forest to a few trees. 大火把森林烧得仅剩下几颗树。
e.g.to reduce the rocks to dust 把石块碎成粉末

专业词汇要求：要求考生掌握一定的常见的理科类专业基本词汇，而比较专业的词汇在考试中通常都会标注出来。以Mobile Phones（B/C级文章）为例：该文章中要求考生掌握的专业词汇有：mobile phones, radiation, electromagnetic，而考试中对transmitter tower, circulate, density, radius等词都有中文标住。
建议考生在复习中结合复习文章适当的掌握一些与专业相关的词汇。
职称英语等级考试中所涉及的词汇，短语主要根据考试大纲所附的词汇表，超出大纲的词汇一般都会给出中文注释。

Ø本讲教学目的

对词汇题和完型填空题这两种题型的词汇用法和解题方法的讲解，希望帮助考生复习词汇用法，掌握快速解答这两种题型的思路和技巧。

Ø例题解析：

Ø职称英语等级考试词汇词汇量要求

申报B级的考生要求掌握5000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；申报A级的考生要求掌握6000个左右的单词和一定数量的短语；这些单词和短语大部分都是在阅读和日常英语中较为常见的词语和短语。如：

2003年职称英语B级考题

1. Can you follow the plot?
A. change       B. investigate     C. write        D. understand
D. 考点：考察常用多义词。
Follow: vt, vi（常与after连用）跟随，密切注意，明白
e.g. Sorry, I can not follow your method.
补充：
follow: vt. 听从；服从
e.g. The soldiers must follow the officers orders.士兵们必须执行军官的命令
as follows 如下
e.g. The results are as follows... 结果如下…

2. The outlook from the top of the mountain is breathtaking.
A. view     B. sight       C. look        D. point
A. 考察常见词。解题思路：借助搭配借题。参考解题技巧：形相近的往往不是解。
Sight: n.视力, 视觉, 眼界, 观看, [常用复]名胜; 风景
at first sight 一见就..., 初次看见时
at the sight of 一看见就...
be in/within sight看得见, 在眼前
catch [have, gain, get] sight of发现, 看出
come in[into] sight呈现在眼前

2003年职称英语A级考题

1. The union representative put across her argument very effectively.
A. explained        B. invented        C. considered      D. accepted
A. 考察常见动词短语结构。解题思路：借助搭配结构解题。
put across vt. 解释；表达
e.g. Im not putting my meaning across very well.
我未把我的意思解释清楚。
补充：
put forward: vt. 提出（意见、建议）; 推荐；提名；推举 
In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low.
1860年,一个名叫威廉.娄的英国人提出了一项更好的计划。
put in vt. 打断；插嘴
e.g. ‘Dont forget us,’ she put in. “别忘了我们，”她插嘴道。
put off vt. 延期；推迟
e.g. Dont put off until tomorrow what can be done today.
今日可做的事不要拖到明天。
put up with vt. 忍受；忍耐；受苦
e.g. That woman, as a housewife, has a lot to put up with.
那个女人是个家庭主妇不得不忍受许多烦恼。

2. The fuel tanks had a capacity of 140 liters
A. function     B. ability        C. power       D. volume
D. 考察常见多义词。解题思路：借助搭配结构解题。
补充：
Capable: adj.有才能的, 有能力的; 可容纳的,  有资格的
e.g. a room capable of 20 people可容纳20人的房间
e.g. He is capable of judging art.他具有鉴赏艺术的能力。

Ø考试出题方向分析
词汇题部分不分专业类别，同级别的职称英语词汇题部分试题相同。词汇选项倾向于对名词，动词，形容词和副词这四种词类的考察，考试中有时也会涉及到介词短语。对跨词类词和词义宽的词的考察也是近年来的出题方向；而通常在词汇题的15道题中会有3-5个题是直接或间接出自当年的职称英语书上的词汇题部分。

Ø例题解析：
词汇选择（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面共有15句子，每个句子均有一个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的四个选项中选择一个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。答案一律涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

1．A new system of quality control was brought in to overcome the defects in the firm’s products.
A) invested     B) introduced      C) installed       D) insisted
答案及解析:B. 解题思路：借助画线短语核心词（bring）的基本含义—“带来/引起”，并借助与画线结构相直接相关的结构含义（质量控制系统被。。）判断B是答案。
Invest: vt.（常与in连用）投入（资金，精力，时间等）
e.g. Ive invested a lot of time and effort in this plan. (喻)
我已在这计划中投入了大量的时间和精力
insist: vi, vt（常与on, that连用）主张；坚持, 坚持要求(宾语从句跟虚拟语气结构)
e.g. We insist on / upon self-reliance.
我们坚持自力更生。
e.g. We all insist that we not rest until we finish the work.
大家都坚决要求不完工就不休息

2． Techniques to harness the energy of the sun are being developed.
A) convert      B) store        C) utilize     D)receive
答案及解析: C. 解题思路：被选项是动词时关注所给句子中的空格后续结构，因此关注原句中的宾语：the energy of the sun（太阳能）。被选项中：convert通常用在convert…into…的结构中，而原句中没有这样的结构，所以排除A；而根据句意凭借常识store（储存）和 receive(接收)太阳能不是刚发展的新技术，所以也排除掉。答案为C。
补充：
convert: vt.（常与into连用）转变；变换; 兑换
e.g. That building has been converted into a school.
那座楼房改成学校了。
e.g. I want to convert some Hong Kong dollars into American dollars.
我想把一些港元换成美元

3. Hundreds of years ago cloves （丁香）were used to remedy headaches.
A) disrupt      B) diagnose        C)  evaporate   D) cure
答案及解析: D. 解题思路：备选答案均为动词，关注原句中的宾语headaches（头痛）。解题思路：在习惯搭配上，B和D都可带“疾病类”的词作宾语，但头痛不用diagnose （诊断），却可cure （治疗）头痛，所以答案为D。另外diagnose 的用法是：diagnose… as...，如：The plastic surgeon diagnosed my illness as a rare bone disease./整形外科医生诊断出我的病是一种罕见的骨病。

4. Experts generally agree that diet has an important bearing on ones health.
A) result       B) factor        C)  cause   D) influence
答案及解析: D。 解题思路：从习惯搭配的角度解题：只有D才能和介词on搭配使用。
补充：
influence n. （常与on连用）影响力；感化力; vt. 影响
e.g. Many a woman has had a influence upon her husband. 许多妇女对其丈夫有影响。
Bearing: n. （与on, upon连用）关系
e.g. What they have done has no bearing on the promotion of sales.
他们所干的事情与这次促销活动毫无联系

5. Mary was compelled to take in washing to help support her family.
A) pleaded  B) appealed        C)  forced  D) instructed
答案及解析: C. 解题思路：借助句意：Mary。。在家里帮别人洗衣服以帮助养家糊口。而C的含义最合适句意。被选项中：
补充：
appeal常用appeal to sb./sth.的结构，表示：“呼吁，恳求，吸引，引起兴趣”；to appeal for aid/求助；
plead是 “恳求，托词，以…作藉口，为…辩护；为…抗辩”，plead the rights of the unemployed /为失业者的权利据理力争；
instruct教；通常的用法是：instruct sb. in sth. 如：instruct a class in history /教授一个班的历史；（常与to + inf连用）命令，如：instruct sb. to start early /命令某人早动身
take in: v. 接受, 吸收, 理解, 欺骗
take A for B: v. 把A误以为B
take ..into account/consideration: v. 重视, 考虑
take part in..: v. 参与, 参加
take pride in.. v. 以...为骄傲

6. They had a far better yield than any other farm miles around this year.
A) goods        B) soil
C) climate      D) harvest
答案及解析: D。在该句中yield 是用作名词（因为该词的前面有不定冠词a），解题思路：抓住句子中与划线部分相关的结构或用词特点。能与不定冠词a搭配使用的被选项只有C和D（气候，倾向， 风气，如：a mild climate温和的气候）。再借助句子中其他特征词：farm，判断harvest“收成”是答案。
Yield: vt, vi出产, （常与to连用）放弃；投降；让步 n.  产量；收成
e.g. That tree yields fruits. 这种树结果。
e.g. The army yielded when it was attacked.
当这支军队受到进攻时投降了

7. If a country wants to develop its economy successfully, there has to be a clear appraisal of its social needs.
A）aptitude     B） assurance       C） insurance     D）assessment 
答案及解析: D． 解题思路：搭配结构。
Appraisal n. 评价, 估价
Aptitude: n. 能力；才能；天资
assurance n 自信；把握 (= self-assurance) , 保险
e.g. life assurance 人寿保险
Assessment n.评估,看法
e.g. What is your assessment of the situation?
你对时局的看法如何

8. To a first-year student, the doctoral degree is a distant expectation.
A. aspect       B. respect        C. prospect        D. spectacle
答案及解析:C.解题思路：句意。
Aspect n 模样；面貌， 方面
e.g. only one aspect of the problem
只是问题的一个方面
prospect n希望；期望
e.g. Theres not much prospect of Mr Smiths being elected as Congressman.
史密斯先生被选为议员的希望不大。
Spectacle n.观览物, 展览物, 奇观, 景象

9．During the past ten years there have been dramatic changes in the international situation.
A) permanent        B) powerful
C) striking     D) practical
答案及解析: C. 解题思路：根据画线词的家族词（drama）的本义和与画线词搭配的结构的含义（变化），判断C是答案。
Striking: adj. 引人注意的；显著的
Dramatic: adj. 戏剧的；有关戏剧的; 引人注目的

完型填空：

Ø  出题特点：
该部分文章的主题一般涉及科技方面，有时也有可能会出现主题与社会文化，自然地理，或卫生健康相关的文章。文章难度略低于阅读理解部分的文章难度，在该部分有可能出现考试指定书上的文章。完型填空部分的考题倾向于考察词义的辨析，偶而也涉及到固定搭配结构，而对语法的直接考察趋势减少。

Ø 解题思路：
1．注意利用被选项的特点猜测答案范围，判断解题方向；
2．借助空格两端的搭配结构特点或搭配语意直接判断答案；
3．借助空格所在句子的句意，并参考上下文用词和语意判断答案；
4．借助文章主题/中心确认答案。

完型填空

阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，并涂在答题卡相应的位置上。

Squishy（易压扁的）Cellphones (大哥大) add a buzz（震动声） to calls

    Vibrating rubber could be the next big thing in mobile communications. They allow people to communicate by squishing the phone to transmit __1__along with their spoken words. According to a research team at the MIT Medical Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the idea will make __2__ more fun.

    Many mobile phones can already be made to vibrate __3__ ring when you do not want people to know you are getting a call. But these vibrations, __4__ by a motor spinning an eccentric weight inside the device, are too crude for subtle communication, says Angela Chang of the lab’s Tangible Media Group. “They’re __5__ on or off,” she says.

    But when you grip Chang’s prototype latex cellphone, your fingers and thumb wrap around five __6__ speakers. They vibrate __7__ your skin around 250 times per second. Beneath these speakers sit pressure sensors, so you can transmit vibration as well as __8__ it. When you squeeze with a finger, a vibration signal is transmitted __9__ your caller’s corresponding finger. Its __10__ depends on how hard you squeeze.

    She says that within a few minutes of being given __11__ the phones, students were using the vibration feature to add emphasis to what they were saying or to interrupt the other speaker. Over time, people even began to transmit their __12__ kind of ad hoc “Morse code”, which they would repeat back to show they following what they other person was saying. “It was pretty easy to communicate, though we didn’t specifically pre-arrange __13__,” says David Milovich, one of the students who tried out the device,

    Change thins “vibralanguages” could __14__ for the same reason as texting: sometimes people want to communicate something __15__ everyone nearby knowing what they are saying. “And imagine actually being able to shake someone’s hand when you close a business seal,” she says. 

答案及解析：
1． 文章标题分析：
squishy（易压扁的）cellphones (大哥大) add a buzz（震动声） to calls

2．直接看备选项（注意备选项的特点）和空格所在的搭配结构特点及/或句意。
1. A．voices        B. messages        C. vibrations     D.  feelings   

Vibrating rubber cellphones could be the next big thing in mobile communications.  They (需要参照前句确认They的指代内容) allow people to communicate by squishing (压扁，按压) the phone to transmit __1__ （仅仅凭借transmit无法直接确认答案）along with their spoken words.
C．分析：该题考察上下文的句意承接/篇章用词。
补充：
along with prep. 和...一起[一道], 随着; 除...以外(还)
e.g. Along with the letters there are answers written by people who are supposed to know how to solve such problems.
与这些读者来信一起还刊登对这些问题的回答,由那些被认为能够解决这些问题的人来撰写。Together with adv. 和, 加之

2. A．phoning        B. talking     C. working     D. texting
According to a research team at the MIT Medical Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the idea will make __2__ more fun.
A.线索：文章中心（squishy（易压扁的）cellphones (大哥大) add a buzz（震动声） to calls/phone的近义词）

3 A．as much as        B. as well as     C. in spite of D. instead of
Many mobile phones can already be made to vibrate __3__ ring when you do not want people to know you are getting a call.
D. 线索：句意和备选项通常的使用特点。
补充：
e.g. I love English as much as I do mathematics
e.g.  The editors as well as (= in addition to) the proofreaders (校对者) are working overtime.
e.g. In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through.( carry .. through/完成 )
e.g. If you cannot go, hell go instead of you.

4.A．being caused     B. caused C. to be caused    D.having caused 
But these vibrations, __4__ by a motor spinning (turning /旋转) an eccentric (离心的) weight inside the device, are too crude（粗糙的） for subtle communications, says Angela Chang of the lab’s Tangible Media Group.
B． 分析：该题考察分词的语法意义。
补充：
Subtle adj.狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的
Synonyms: clever, cunning, delicate, fine
They are __5__ on or off, she says.

5.A．never          B. seldom     C. either     D. neither
C．线索：搭配结构特点。
Either..or../neither…nor..
But when you grip Changes prototype latex（橡胶） cellphone, your fingers and thumb wrap（包裹） around five __6__ speakers.   

6.A．tiny          B. large   C. loud    （干扰项）      D. low
A．句意。
They vibrate __7__ your skin around 250 times per second.

7.A．against            B. above       C. over          D. on
A．线索：介词所使用的结构。在这里against的含义是“（贴）与…达成猛烈接触”
e.g. waves dashing against the shore./拍岸的波涛”
Beneath these speakers sit pressure sensors, so you can transmit vibration as well as __8__ it.

8.A．using          B. hearing C. receiving D. feeling（不是最好答案）
C. 线索：搭配结构暗示的语意。
When you squeeze with a finger, a vibration signal is transmitted __9__ your callers corresponding finger.

9.A．for            B. with        C. from            D. to
D．线索：搭配结构。
Its __10__ depends on how hard you squeeze.   

10.A．strength          B. loudness        C. speed        D. rhythm
A． 线索：搭配结构含义。
She says that within a few minutes of being given __11__ the phones, students were using the vibration features to add emphasis to what they were saying or to interrupt the other speaker.   

11.A．students   B. them       C. /   D. her 
C. 线索：句子结构特点和搭配词语使用特点。
Over time, people even began to transmit their __12__ kind of ad hoc Morse code（摩尔斯代码）, which they could repeat back to show they were following what the other people was saying.

12.A．own          B. unique      C. other       D. different
A． 线索：句意。
It was pretty easy to communicate, though we didnt specifically（明确的） pre-arrange __13__, says…

13.A．codes            B. systems     C. wave bands      D. call time
A．线索：上下文用词。

14. Chang thinks Vibralanguages could __14__ for the same reason as texting (发短信): 

14.A．make out            B. go without      C. give in    D. take off

D．线索：句意。

Take off: v.广泛使用，大受欢迎, 起飞, 脱掉（衣服等）
e.g. a new movie that really took off.一部极为卖座的新片
e.g. The plane took off on time.飞机准时起飞
e.g. take ones coat off;
make out:  v. 辨明辨明或看清, 理解
e.g. I could barely make out the traffic signs through the rain.
在雨中我几乎看不清交通标志
e.g. I could not make out what she was saying.
我不能理解她在说些什么
go without v.没有...也行
go without saying v.理所当然, 不用说, 不言而喻
give in v.投降, 屈服, 让步
sometimes people want to communicate something __15__ everyone nearby knowing what theyre saying.

15.A．with      B. without        C. for      D. against
B. 备选项特点（A和B有关系；C和D有关系）和句意。